Finally, endocrine disorders can also cause primary amenorrhea.

最后，内分泌疾病也会导致发性闭经。

Ok, now, coming back to amenorrhea.

好，现在闭经。

A rarer cause of primary amenorrhea is androgen insensitivity syndrome.

导致发性闭经一个罕因是雄激素不敏感综合征。

Issues with the pituitary gland can also cause secondary amenorrhea.

垂体问题也会导致继发性闭经。

Which would explain why amenorrhea is most common among ballet dancers, gymnasts, and long distance runners.

这也解释为什麽闭经对芭蕾舞者 体操选手及长跑运动员来很常。

In females, primary sex characteristic dysfunction includes amenorrhea or absence of menstruation, or oligomenorrhea or irregular menstrual cycle.

在女性中，第一性征功障碍包括闭经，即无月经，或月经减少，即月经周期不规则。

The most common cause of secondary amenorrhea is pregnancy.

最可继发性闭经因是怀孕。

The one symptom of both primary and secondary amenorrhea is, well, the absence of menstruation.

发性和继发性闭经共有一个症状是没有月经。

The most common cause of primary amenorrhea is Turner syndrome, where one X chromosome is either completely or partially absent.

最可发性闭经因是Turner综合征：有一个X染色体完全或者部分缺失。

Another condition that affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and can be responsible for secondary amenorrhea is polycystic ovary syndrome.

另一种影响下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴并可导致继发性闭经疾病是多囊卵巢综合症。

All right, as a quick recap… amenorrhea is the abnormal absence of menstruation in females of reproductive age.

好！快速顾一下：闭经指育龄期女性无月经或月经异常停止。

When this happens, TRH also stimulates prolactin release - so hyperprolactinemia and amenorrhea occur.

与此同时，TRH也刺激泌乳素分泌，所以也会出现高泌乳素血症和闭经。

Interestingly, hypothyroidism - a condition where there's low levels of thyroid hormones - can also cause amenorrhea.

有趣是，甲状腺功减退症，一种由于甲状腺激素合成及分泌减少导致疾病，也可会导致闭经。

There are many causes of secondary amenorrhea, and when they occur before menarche, all of these can also cause primary amenorrhea.

有许多因会导致继发性闭经，而当它们在初潮前发生时，都会导致发性闭经。

With functional hypothalamic amenorrhea due to anorexia, there's significant weight loss and decreased bone density which can cause fractures.

由于厌食导致功性下丘脑性闭经患者往往减重过度且骨密度下降，易致骨折。

The first step when evaluating primary or secondary amenorrhea is to rule out pregnancy with a pregnancy test.

评估发性或继发性闭经第一步是用孕检排除怀孕可。

An early symptom is agalactorrhea, whereas late symptoms include amenorrhea, low blood pressure, low blood sodium, low blood glucose levels, as well as fatigue and muscle loss.

早期症状包括产后无乳，而晚期症状包括闭经、低血压、低血钠、低血糖、疲劳和肌肉萎缩。

Next, there's functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, which is when there is a decrease in GnRH secretion, leading to low levels of LH, FSH, and estrogen.

其次是功性下丘脑性闭经，即由于GnRH分泌下降导致LH、FSH和雌激素水平下降。

Primary amenorrhea is when a female hasn't had her first menstruation, called menarche, by age 16, despite normal growth and having started puberty.

发性闭经指女性在16周岁前没有初次月经（即初潮），尽管生长发育、进入青春期均无异常。

Later symptoms include amenorrhea, an absence of a normal menstrual cycle, even after a period of lactation, which is due to a lack of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone.

晚期症状包括闭经，即月经周期不正常，甚至就在哺乳期后出现，这是由于缺乏黄体生成素和卵泡刺激素。