They've theorized that one of the most confounding aspects of language, its rules-based internal structure, emerged from social drives common across a range of species.
The effect was small but it remained significant even when the findings were adjusted to take into account confounding factors like years of education and socioeconomic status.
In order to conduct a clinical trial properly, scientists need to be able to minimize interference from confounding variables, things that influence final measurements, without being the variable of interest.
The paper's authors, Daron Acemoglu of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Pascual Restrepo of Boston University, are careful to exclude confounding causes as best they can.
Laszlo Garamszegi, of the Do? ana Biological Station in Spain, studied patterns of malarial infections in birds to avoid confounding human factors in determining the epidemiology of a closely related parasite.
KAMPALA, UGANDA With these more positive Beatitudes in mind, we can turn with greater understanding to those Beatitudes that might strike us at first as a bit confounding or counterintuitive.
When it came to non-sugar sweeteners, the WHO focused on population studies whose authors had made robust attempts to adjust for confounding factors such as a person's alcohol intake and levels of physical activity.
Now, there could be confounding factors here; it could be that roundabouts tend to be put in areas where there's less dangerous driving already, or areas where fewer people drive at night.