With mutations, proto-oncogenes become oncogenes, and these overstimulate the cell growth.

随着突变，原基因变为基因，基因过度刺激生长。

You can think of proto-oncogenes as the accelerator or gas pedal and tumor suppressor genes as the brakes.

你可以把原基因看作是加速器或是油门，把抑基因看作是刹车。

Proto-oncogenes, which signal a cell to grow and divide.

原基因，向发出生长和分裂的信号。

So oncogenes or mutated tumor suppressor genes allow cells to keep growing uncontrollably resulting into tumors.

因此，基因或突变的抑基因使不受控制地增长，导致瘤发生。

Now, there are genes that promote normal cell growth called proto-oncogenes.

时，有一促进正常生长的基因被称作原基因。

Oncogenes help cells grow and proliferate, while tumor suppressor genes slow down cell growth and proliferation.

致基因加速生长增殖，而抑基因使生长增殖变慢。

Fusobacteria is another genus of bacteria in the mouth that produces excessive immune responses and activates oncogenes.

梭杆菌属是口腔中另一种会引发过度免疫应答、激活基因的菌。

Squamous cell cancers arise from squamous cells that undergo genetic mutations that either activate proto-oncogenes or inactivate tumor suppressor genes.

鳞产生于经历了基因突变的鳞，基因突变可能激活原基因、或使抑基因失活。

When proto-oncogenes, like epidermal growth factor receptor and RAS, are activated, it turns them into oncogenes that promote cell division.

当原基因（如表皮生长因子受体基因、RAS基因）被激活时，它们就变成了促进分裂的基因。

This type of gene is called an anti-oncogene or tumor suppressor gene.

种类型的基因被称为抗基因或瘤抑制基因。

To balance out cell growth, there are other genes called tumor suppressor genes which promote apoptosis or cell death of mutated cells.

为平衡生长，还有其它基因，称作抑基因，促进突变的凋亡或死亡。

Abnormal cell division can occur either when active oncogenes are expressed or when tumor suppressor genes are lost.

当活性基因表达或瘤抑制基因丢失时，可发生异常分裂。

It usually involves several genetic mutations in endometrial cells, including of PTEN, a tumor suppressor gene; PIK3CA, an oncogene; and ARID1A, a gene regulating chromatin structure.

它通常涉及子宫内膜的几种基因突变，包括抑基因PTEN、原基因PIK3CA，及调控染色质结构的基因ARID1A。

Or they can occur in proto-oncogenes, which normally code for proteins that promote the cell cycle - so they're the cell cycle's accelerator pedal.

基因突变也可以发生在原基因；原基因的功能是编码促进周期运转的蛋白质，所以它算是周期的“油门”。

Checking for the presence of mutations in a gene can confirm a diagnosis that is based on other clinical presentations.

在症的病例中，了解哪个基因发生了突变以及以什么样的方式发生突变，能够确定最佳治疗方案以及为开发新的治疗方法提供信息。

And this is due to mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 tumor suppressor genes, genes that usually suppress tumor growth, therefore a mutation leads to myocyte overgrowth.

由于TSC1和TSC2抑基因的突变，基因通常抑制瘤生长，因此此类基因突变可导致肌过度生长。

The result is that the cell receives a constant message to divide. This dominant " gain of function gene" is often called an oncogene.

结果是接收一个恒定的消息进行不断分裂。种显性的" 获得功能基因" 通常被称为基因。

The genetic mutations found most often in serous carcinoma involve the TP53 gene, another tumor suppressor, and aneuploidy, or an abnormal number of chromosomes after cell division.

浆液性最常见的基因突变包括TP53基因，也是一个抑基因，以及非整倍体，即分裂后染色体数目异常。

They form when there is a mutation in the Adenomatous Polyposis Coli gene or APC gene, which is a tumor suppressor gene that regulates cell growth.

当结肠腺瘤样息肉病（APC）基因突变时，结肠腺瘤往往会形成；APC基因是一种调控增殖的抑基因。

Mutations can occur in tumor suppressor genes, which normally code for proteins that stop the cell cycle or promote apoptosis - so they're the cell cycle's very own brake pedal.

基因突变可能会发生在抑基因；抑基因的功能是编码、阻断周期，或促进凋亡的蛋白质，所以它算是周期的“刹车片”。